History and Concepts of Human Rights

History and Concepts of Human Rights A. HISTORY + CONCEPTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1. What were the major conceptual and historical influences on the drafting of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights? The major conceptual and historical influences on the drafting of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights had began at the beginning of the Second World War then the prominent scholars of that time started writing about the importance of Human Rights. The prominent British utopian writer H. G. Wells launched a campaign to bring Human Rights to the attention of the public at large. In yearly 1940s Wells, had written a lot of works concerning with the issue of Human Rights. Hence he entitled one of his books The Right of Man or What Are We Fighting For? He spoke or corresponded with any leading figures of the time, including Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan Masaryk, Gandhi and many others, who at the end of the war would draft the preamble of the United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Right. Many other individuals and NGOs added their contributions, such as the journalist Clarence Streit published his book Union Now: A Proposal, urging all democra tic nations to unite on behalf of individual freedoms and what he called â€Å"the rights of man.† (Paul Gordon Lauren, 2003). Freeman (2002, p.32) points that the period from French Revolution to the Second World War was the dark age of the concept of human rights.. So, one can say that, at the end of the Second World War, the people had realized the importance of the concept of Human Rights. 2. What were the main contemporary events influencing the drafting of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The campaign reminds us that in a world still reeling from the horrors of the Second World War, the Declaration was the first global statement of what we now take for granted the inherent dignity and equality of all human beings.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (2008) From his words one can say that the main event which had great influence on drafting of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the Second World War. The horror of the Second World War made international community to act towards human rights and to prevent future wars. 3. How would you describe the competing conceptions of rights that existed during the period of the Cold War? In 1976, the two conventions finally came into force with thirty-five states ratifying them. The two conventions were the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Why two covenants? The Cold War was still firmly in place, and the focus of the two political blocs (U.S. and the USSR) had very different emphases on what counted as human rights. The U.S. bloc focused on civil and political rights, while the Soviet bloc focused more on economic and social rights. The Commission wisely drafted two separate conventions to reflect this difference in focus (Centre on Law Globalization n.d.). 4. With reference to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and to the concept of ‘dignity, outline the human rights perspective on torture. Article 5 of the UDHR states that â€Å"[n]o one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment†, and the prohibition against torture and abuse is now codified in a number of international and regional treaties to which many countries are a party, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the UN Convention Against Torture. The prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment is absolute and non-derogable. Unfortunately, violations of this most prized human right occur routinely in many prisons, although they are sanctioned by official policy (Human Rights Watch 2009). 5. Outline and characterize in not more than 75 words the relationship between religious freedom and gender equality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  To resolve conflicts between the two sets of rights, we need balancing approach based on facts. The factors that she highlights as important to consider when the rights clash include: the relationship between the equality right and the goal of gender equality, the importance of the religious practice to the right of religious freedom, the degree of infringement, the relation of other human rights to the conflict, the cumulative effects of religious limitations on womens rights, and the proportionality of restrictions on religious laws (NYU of Law 2009). 6. Why does Donnelly (Donnelly 2003, pp.22-37 204-224) argue that individuals, rather than groups, are the proper subject of human rights? Donnelly (2003 p.25) argues that if human rights are the rights that one has simply as a human being, then only human beings have human rights; if one is not a human being, by definition one cannot have human rights. Because only individual persons are human beings, it would seem that only individuals can have human rights. 7. Identify and discuss in no more than 75 words the impact of TWO events on the expansion of human rights in the last ten years. From my point view one of the events is the end of Cold War Era and second is Terrorism. The end of Cold War had opened new borders for spreading the concept of Human Rights. The second event which had an impact on the expansion of human rights is Terrorism. Nowadays Terrorism is the most threat to anyone, and this â€Å"word† is everywhere and lots of people are suffering. So these two events had a great impact on the expansion of human rights. B. INTERNATIONAL MACHINERY 8. Explain the difference between a declaration and a treaty. A treaty is a legally binding convention, coming into force upon ratification by a certain number of States. A declaration is not legally binding but carries moral weight because it is adopted by the international community (UN 2009) 9. Which international treaty has the most ratifications, and how many? More countries have ratified the Convention than any other human rights treaty in history-192 countries had become State Parties to the Convention as of November 2005 (UNICEF 2009). 10. Which rights are non-derogable under the ICCPR? What does this mean? According to the Article 4, section 2 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) no derogation from articles 6, 7, 8 (paragraphs I and 2), 11, 15, 16 and 18 may be made under this provision. Well this means that sates can not ‘take measures derogating from their obligations []‘ (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966) 11. Identify a case under the ICCPR Optional Protocol where the Committee has found in favour of the petitioner. Supply the citation for the case and summarise the Committees view in not more than 75 words. Article I of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976) states that a State Party to the Covenant that becomes a Party to the present Protocol recognizes the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications from individuals subject to its jurisdiction who claim to be victims of a violation by that State Party of any of the rights set forth in the Covenant. No communication shall be received by the Committee if it concerns a State Party to the Covenant which is not a Party to the present Protocol. Well, Optional Protocol allows individuals to complain to the Human Rights Committee about violations of the Covenant. 12. In 100 words state what in your view was the most significant issue raised by the UN Human Rights Committee in its recent review of Finland and why. Finlands State Secretary of Political Affairs, Dr. Teija Tiilikainen (2008), said that despite progress the country still struggles with cases of racism and intolerance. Looking through the Universal Periodic Review, I made a conclusion that Finland still facing problems like discrimination, racism and xenophobic attitudes. In my opinion the most significant issue raised by UN Human Rights Committee is racism and intolerance. The issues of racism and intolerance were raised by UN because, from the history we can see that all these destabilisations within the country like racism, intolerance were bringing the country to the humanitarian crisis. 13. How does the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child define a child? Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) defines child as, [] every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. 14. What has to happen before the UN Convention on the Rights of Disabled People enters into force? Before the UN Convention on the Rights of Disabled People came into force, the UN established an Ad Hoc Committee â€Å"to consider proposals for a comprehensive and integral international convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities, based on the holistic approach in the work done in the fields of social development, human rights and non-discrimination and taking into account the recommendations of the Commission on Human Rights and the Commission for Social Development.† (ENABLE 2007). 15. What reservation has Argentina made to CEDAW? What is the impact of this reservation? The Government of Argentina declares that it does not consider itself bound by article 29, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Bayefsky 2008). 16. Who is the current United Nations Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons and when was she appointed? The current United Nations Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons is Ms. Joy Ngozi Ezeilo from Nigeria. She was appointed in June 2008 (United Nations Human Rights 2009). C. REGIONAL MACHINERY 17. Who is entitled to submit individual complaints under the European, American and African regional human rights systems and to which particular regional bodies? According to the Article 34 of the Convention for the protection of Human Rights (2003) the court may receive applications from any person [] claiming to be the victim of violation by []. Article 19 of the same Convention states, to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties in the Convention and the Protocols thereto, there shall be set up a European Court of Human Rights, hereinafter referred to as the Court. It shall function on a permanent basis (European Court of Human Rights 2009). So basically, other regional human rights systems are established almost in the same way of European. 18. How many States are currently members of the Council of Europe? Which State is the most recent member? Which States special guest status has been suspended due to its lack of respect for human rights and democratic principles? Cite your source(s). Currently members of the Council of Europe are 47 countries. The most recent member is Montenegro, which joined the Council of Europe on 11th May 2007 (Council of Europe 2009). In January 1997 the Bureau of the Parliamentary Assembly decided to suspend the special guest status for the Parliament of Belarus. As a result, the consideration of Belarus application for membership in the Council of Europe was suspended, and the bilateral Cooperation Programme was frozen (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus 2009). 19. What Conventions has the Council of Europe adopted which offer specific protection for minorities? There are several Conventions adopted by Council of Europe for the protection of minorities, such as European Convention on the repatriation of minors, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Council of Europe 2009). 20. When did the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture come into force and how many States are currently parties to it? What monitoring and/or enforcement machinery did the Convention establish and what does it do? European Convention for the Prevention of Torture came into force on 1st March 2002 and it is ratified by 47 states. The Convention operates in relation to persons who allege that they are victims of violations of Article3 and the main purpose of the Convention is to protect people from torture (Council of Europe 2009). 21. When did the Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons come into force? How does it define forced disappearance? The Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons came into force on May 28 1996 (The Secretariat for Legal Affairs n.d.). Article second of Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons (1994) defines that forced disappearance is considered to be the act of depriving a person or persons of his or their freedom, in whatever way, perpetrated by agents of the state or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of the state, followed by an absence of information or a refusal to acknowledge that deprivation of freedom or to give information on the whereabouts of that person, thereby impeding his or her recourse to the applicable legal remedies and procedural guarantees (The Secretariat for Legal Affairs n.d.). 22. Under what authority can States denounce the American Convention on Human Rights? When did Trinidad Tobago denounce the ACHR and why? According to the Article 78 of the American Convention on Human Rights (1969), The States Parties may denounce this Convention at the expiration of a five-year period from the date of its entry into force and by means of notice given one year in advance. Notice of the denunciation shall be addressed to the Secretary General of the Organization, who shall inform the other States Parties. The Denunciation of Trinidad and Tobago was notified in May 26, 1998, and denunciation was because of death penalty (The Secretariat for Legal Affairs n.d.). 23. When was Algerias 3rd and 4th periodic reports (submitted in September 2006) examined by the African Commission? To whom does the report say capital punishment does not apply in Algeria? Algerias 3rd and 4th periodic reports were examined by the African Commission on it 42nd Ordinary Session from 15th to 28th of November in 2007 (African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights 2009). Capital punishment is not applicable to minors aged 13 to 18.Article 50 of the Criminal Code provides that â€Å"should be decided that a minor aged between 13 to 18 must be given criminal sentence []. (Peoples Democratic Republic of Algeria. African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, Third and fourth periodical reports, 2006, p.13) 24. What instrument established the African Court of Human and Peoples Rights? What jurisdiction does the Court have? Is it operational? The African Court of Human and Peoples Rights was established by African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights (African International Courts and Tribunals n. d.). The Court has the competence to take final and binding decisions on human rights violations perpetrated by AU Member States. The competence of the African Court on Human and Peoples Rights is based on its jurisdiction and the law that it will apply when exercising this jurisdiction (African Court on Human and Peoples Rights n. d.).The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights Establishing the ACHPR entered into force on January 25, 2004 upon its ratification by fifteen member states. The statute of the ACHPR has not yet been promulgated and a seat for the court has yet to be determined, therefore much of the data regarding its functioning is not yet available (African International Courts and Tribunals n. d.). But the main functions of the Court has been set up, As mentioned above The Court has the competence to take final and binding decisions on human rights violations perpetrated by AU Member States (African Court on Human and Peoples Rights n. d.). All together one can say that it is operational but not all of its functions have been set up. 25. When was the Arab League established? List its current membership. Why was Egypts membership suspended in 1979? What happened as a result? When was Egypt readmitted? Arab League was established in 1945. The current members are 22 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen (Al-bab n. d.). The membership of Egypt was stopped, because in 1979 Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel. As a result the headquarters was moved from Cairo to Tunis. Egypt was readmitted to the league in 1989 and the leagues headquarters was moved back to Cairo (Pan Arab n. d.). Bibliography Books Donnelly J 2003, Universal Human Rights in theory and practice, 2nd edn, Cornell University Press, New York, USA. Freeman M 2002, Human Rights, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK Lauren P G 2003, The evolution of international human rights: visions seen, 2nd edn, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, USA. Electronic Sources African International Courts and Tribunals (n. d.) The African Court on Human and Peoples Rights. Available at: http://www.aict-ctia.org/courts_conti/achpr/achpr_home.html (Accessed: 15 November 2009) African Court on Human and Peoples Rights (n. d.) General information. Available at: http://www.african-court.org/en/court/mandate/general-information/ (Accessed: 15 November 2009 ) African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights (2009) Status on Submission of State Initial/Periodic Reports to the African Commission. Available at: http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/statereport_considered_en.html (Accessed: 16 November 2009) African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights (2009) Peoples Democratic Republic of Algeria. African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, Third and fourth periodical reports, 2006. Available at: http://www.achpr.org/english/state_reports/Algeria/Algeria%20report_eng.pdf (Accessed: 16 November 2009 ) Articles by Brian Whitaker (n. d.) The League of Arab States. Available at: http://www.al-bab.com/Arab/docs/league.htm (Accessed: 15 November 2009) Bayefsky (n.d.) the United Nations Human Rights Treaties. Available at: http://www.bayefsky.com/pdf/argentina_t2_cedaw.pdf (Accessed: 16 November) Centre on Law Globalization (n. d.), Human Rights Fail During the Cold War. Available at: http://clg.portalxm.com/library/keytext.cfm?keytext_id=121 (Accessed 18 November) Council of Europe (2009), European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 26 November 1987. Available at: http://www.cpt.coe.int/EN/documents/ecpt.htm (Accessed 18 November) Council of Europe (2009), Complete list of the Council of Europes treaties. Available at: http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeTraites.asp?CM=8CL=ENG (Accessed: 16 November) Council of Europe (2009), Council of Europe in brief. Available at: http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europel=en (Accessed: 16 November) Enable (2007), Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities,. Available at: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/adhoccom.htm (Accessed: 18 November) European Court of Human Rights (2009), Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocol No. 11. Available at: http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/D5CC24A7-DC13-4318-B457-5C9014916D7A/0/EnglishAnglais.pdf (Accessed: 16 November) Human Rights Watch (2009), Special Comment: A Human Rights Perspective on Segregating the Mentally Ill. Available at: http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/05/18/special-comment-human-rights-perspective-segregating-mentally-ill (Accessed 18 November) Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (n.d.), American Convention on Human Rights 22 November 1969. Available at: http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm (Accessed: 16 November) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus (2009),International organizations. Available at: http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/multilateral/int_org/ref/e02a9ab26c54c943.html (Accessed: 16 November) New York University of Law (2009), Journal of International law and politics (Volume 24). Available at: http://www1.law.nyu.edu/journals/jilp/issues/24/24_2_Sullivan.html (Accessed 18 November) Pan Arab (n. d.) Members of the Arab League. Available at: http://www.arabji.com/ArabGovt/ArabLeague.htm (Accessed: 15 November 2009) The Secretariat for Legal Affairs (n.d.), American Convention on Human Rights â€Å"Pact Of San Jose, Costa Rica† 22 November 1969. Available at: http://www.oas.org/Juridico/english/Sigs/b-32.html#Trinidad%20and%20Tobago (Accessed: 16 November) The Secretariat for Legal Affairs (n.d.), Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons 09 June 1994. Available at: http://www.oas.org/juridico/English/sigs/a-60.html (Accessed: 16 November) United Nations Human Rights (2009), Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children. Available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/trafficking/index.htm (Accessed: 16 November) United Nations Human Rights, Convention on the Rights of the Child. Available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm (Accessed: 18 November) United Nations Radio (2009), Finland and Indonesia undergo human rights review. Available at: http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/detail/37298.html (Accessed: 18 November) United Nations Human Rights (2009), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (Accessed: 18 November) UNICEF (2009), Convention on the Rights of the Child. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_30229.html (Accessed: 18 November) UN (2009), Human Rights at your Fingertips. Available at: http://www.un.org/rights/50/game.htm#28 (Accessed: 18 November) University of Minnesota (2009), Human rights Library. Available at: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/b4ccprp1.htm (Accessed: 18 November) 60th Anniversary Universal Declaration of Human Rights (2008), Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948-2008. Available at: http://www.un.org/events/humanrights/udhr60/index.shtml (Accessed: 18 November)

The problem of anti Americanism

Terrorism has always been a major issue in the world. Every country is trying to put some measures to stop the act of terrorism. There are some remedies that have been put in place to stop terrorism. The problem of anti Americanism is believed to be the cause of terrorism attacks. Introduction The problem of anti-Americanism is a very serious matter and it occurs because people try to be resistant or try to blame America for all its actions. People world over believe that every action Americans take is for the purpose of taking control of other countries for selfish gain and interests.The resistance takes place when non-Americans want to conserve their beliefs and national interests, and do not want to be influenced by the Americans. People put their blame on the Americans because they are jealous and do not want Americans to continue being prosperous (Hoffman, 1998). People should be accountable for inciting violence when they glorify violent acts against America but themselves do n ot engage in it in order to put a stop to terrorism.Such people invest a lot of money to destroy other people’s lives and in fact they should be more punished than the people who physically carry out the acts of terrorism. They are the people who do not want to stop terrorism. (Hoffman, 1998) There are various remedies that are available to the government to deal with schools, mosques, and charities that indirectly support terrorism while not actually engaging in it. There are some laws that have been enacted to counteract terrorism.The laws are divided into several categories like financial act laws, terrorism act laws, airport and transport act laws and the USA patriot act laws. The remedies should be death for those found guilty of terrorism including increased budgetary allocation to the Security budget that will help not only counter any acts of terror but gather intelligence that will help forestall any threat way before it happens (Hoffman 1998). Reference: Hoffman, Br uce (1998)†Inside Terrorism† Columbia University Press

Bluest Eye Essay

It is so the start of school but the sisters Claudia and Frieda MacTeer are out to garner coals which had fallen from the railway autos. There was one time when Claudia got ill while they went out to garner coals. her female parent was huffy though still took good attention of her but the kid did non understand that her female parent was mad at the illness and non at her. she besides retrieve how her sister usage to soothe her by singing to her. With that incident. she remembered that love was present. it is an understood though non straight expressed feeling. The MacTeer family had an add-on ; the first 1 was Mr. Henry Washington who lived with Mrs. Della Jones who already grew old and was left by her hubby who was believed to hold run off with another adult female. Another one is Pecola Breedloove. she is to be commiseration with because her male parent put their household house into ashes and now she’s under the country’s detention. Miss Breedlove. being a portion of the MacTeer household. loves to imbibe milk utilizing Shirley temple cup but Claudia expressed how she ever disliked the Shirley temple and the doll which has giver her as a present for Christmas. She tends to cognize why everyone thinks that the fair-haired doll is beautiful and where could its â€Å"beauty† be found. It was in the afternoon of Saturday when Pecola drank three quarts of milk and Mrs. MacTeer got huffy because of that. the sisters tried to avoid her when Pecola starts shed blooding. Frieda thought that Pecola was merely holding her menses and tried to put a tablet to the latter’s frock. Pecola so all of a sudden asked how babes are made. and so Frieda answered her that she has to happen person to love her first. It is on the Saturday forenoon of October. Mrs. Breedlove aftermaths foremost and started out a sudden explosion of action in the kitchen. Pecola is still in bed but she knows that her female parent will get down a battle with his male parent. The twosome battle between Cholly and his married woman became a everyday every after he gets home rummy. their boy Sammy would really either fall in the battle or run off from place while Pecola would happen a manner of how to stand the state of affairs. Mrs. Breedlove would inquire Cholly to convey her some coal for the range but Cholly would decline to make so and she says that one time she sneezing and gets cold from bringing the coal outside. so the hubby is in problem. Unfortunately Mrs. Breedlove sneezed so the battle started. The married woman would utilize a pan to hit her hubby so their boy would assist her female parent by hitting his male parents head. Once Cholly knocks out. Sammy would inquire his female parent to kill his male parent quick but so his female parent would hush him. On the contrary. Pecola still lies on her bed feeling sick. She even wishes she could merely vanish. She hates herself for her ugliness. her instructor and schoolmates would normally disregard her. She hopes for a blue oculus because she believes that that would do her expression reasonably merely like fair-haired Mary Jane pictured in the confect negligee. Pecola goes to see the cocottes populating above their flat. They are sort to her and would ever state her narratives about their â€Å"boyfriends† who are their clients. China. Poland. and Miss Marie are adult females who are non said to be a victim by their profession. they merely dislike work forces. They don’t experience ashamed of what they are. Pecola was so funny how it is likely to be in love or what love is like. She wonders if love is like her parent’s when doing love ; his male parent doing sounds as if agony in hurting while her female parent is quiet. The winter came when a new miss charmed the whole school. Maureen Peal has a cabinet next to Claudia’s and one twenty-four hours the new comer asked the MacTeer sisters if she could fall in them for walk place. The three misss saw Pecola who was harassed by a circle of male childs they bully her and tease her for holding a dark tegument. Frieda hit a male child and threatens the other. Claudia came in to assist her sister and it seems that the male childs where ready to give the sisters a battle but so Maureen arrived and looks like the male childs did non desire to contend in forepart of her and merely left. Maureen asked the misss if they wanted to hold some ice pick and tends to handle merely Pecola. Claudia on the other manus felt abashed and went on without ice pick. The misss started speaking about menses. Pecola was asked if she had of all time seen her male parent bare and answered that she ne'er did but Maureen continued the issue though the sister told her to halt. The misss argued and Claudia started on impeaching Maureen that the miss is a boy-crazy piece Maureen would state them that they are ugly and that they are black. Pecola was hurt and Claudia was alarmed that what the other miss said is a fact. When the misss got home. they saw Henry entertaining Miss Marie and China. Claudia and Frieda disliked it because they know that their female parent hated those misss. These cocottes come in after Mrs. MacTeer leaves the house. Frieda would inquire Mr. Henry about them but the latter would lie and state her that they are merely members of his bible-study group. A black adult female named Geraldine who was married to adult male named Louis has a kid named junior. Geraldine gives a existent first-class attention of junior physically but early on. the kid understands that her female parent is non capable of giving them fondness ; the adult female would demo fondness merely to cats. As a consequence to this. junior would torment a cat or make something probably to ache the animal. Junior would wish to play with inkinesss but his female parent would non let him to play with what they consider a Low-class or nigga. One clip when Geraldine was out Junior asked Pecola to play with him and promised the miss to demo her some kitty. Pecola was overwhelmed by the beauty of the house. interim. junior throw a cat into her face that scratched her. Pecola tried to go forth but so junior stopped him from the door. The cat begun to wish her and Junior was irritated that Pecola got the cat’s attending. Junior threw the cat and hit the radiator. the cat fell down lifelessly. Geraldine was back by so and saw the cat. on the other manus junior said that Pecola was the 1 who killed it and so Geraldine told Pecola that she was a â€Å"nasty small black bitch† . Now Cholly came home rummy once more finds Pecola busy making the dishes. With mix desires of tenderness and lunacy of fury. Cholly raped his ain girl Pecola. She so swoons and when she wakes up she founds her female parent gazing down at her. In Loraine’s black community a light-skinned who was raised from the West was â€Å"self declared reader so as an adviser† . he is Soaphead church. He was a married adult male but was all of a sudden left two months afterwards so he discovered that he does non suit his profession and so he studied psychopathology and other societal scientific disciplines. had different occupations and eventually came to populate in Lorain. He rents a back from Bertha Reese and the lone job that he has with it is the landlady’s Canis familiaris which disgusts him. He planned to kill the Canis familiaris but every clip he tries he hesitates to travel near it. Pecola came to inquire Soaphead Church for bluish eyes. he understands Pecola and was touched by the child’s petition. He understand her through his ain attractive force to whiteness. he knows that he could non assist her but he told Pecola that she should give Bob. the Canis familiaris. a meat that he in secret poisoned. He said that if the Canis familiaris shows any reaction. her wants will so come true. The Canis familiaris that so ate the meat convulsed and earlier died. Pecola seeing the reaction of the Canis familiaris ran off. Meanwhile Soaphead remembers two kids who let him touch them in exchange of money and Sweets and wrote a missive to god stating that he had ne'er touched Pecola and that he Rivaled God for he had granted Pecola’s wish. It is besides said that she will non literally have her bluish eyes but because of the incident. she will believe she now does. Claudia and Frieda noticed that Pecola was inseminated by her ain male parent who had already run off. The whole vicinity was disgusted by that fact but some of them besides blamed Pecola. When her female parent Pauline found her. she hit her difficult. and beat her until she about loses her breath. The MacTeer sisters were sorrowed by the fact that none of the grownup at their topographic point seem to care for Pecola. In the contrary. Claudia made an thought on her head about how the babe looks like. She imagined that the babe with all the beautiful characteristics ; eyes. lips and tegument. They tend to assist hapless Pecola by praying for her and by giving a forfeit ; they plan to bury the money into Pecola’s house and they will works the remainder of the marigold seeds into their ain pace ( bookrags ) . Pecola started her lunacy and is ever conceive ofing that she has a new friend. Her fanciful friend would state her unfavorable judgments for looking at her ain image at the mirror ; Pecola would get down to inquire about how her eyes are so admiringly bluish and inquire her fanciful friend if her eyes are the bluest 1s. She thinks that all the people around her are covetous of her that’s why no 1 dares to look or gaze at her non even her female parent. Then Pecola’s friend would get down speaking about her male parent. and would state her that Mrs. Breedlove must truly lose her hubby really much because they are doing love a batch. The fanciful friend would impeach Pecola that she liked her father’s sexual progresss during the 2nd clip that Cholly raped her. Pecola got angry and decided to travel on to their first subject about her bluish eyes. Claudia and Frieda felt that they failed because their marigold seed ne'er grew and Pecola’s babe was born without life. Cholly died finally in a workhouse and Mrs. Breedlove and Pecola moved into a new topographic point. Claudia thought that it is the people who stand as the clime for a certain individual who tend to be the flower to bloom ( Toni Morrison The Bluest Eye ) . Citations: †Claudia and Frieda thought that it was because Pecola is holding her father’s babe that the seed of the marigold flower did non grow† ( p. 5 ) . This is when Claudia narrated her friend’s being pregnated by Pecola’s ain male parent ( novelguide. com ) . â€Å"Nuns go by every bit quiet as lecherousness. and bibulous work forces and sober eyes sing in the anteroom of the Grecian hotel ( p. 9 ) ( â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) it explains that in the fall or the start of the narrative. the people are non who they are every bit said to be. â€Å"We stare at her. desiring her staff of life. but more than that desiring to jab the haughtiness out of her eyes and nail the pride of ownership that curls her mastication oral cavity ( p. 9 ) . â€Å" ( novelguide. com ) it is when Claudia stated how she hated Villanucci non because of the things that the individual possess but because of her attitude towards the societal position that she has. â€Å"It had occurred to Pecola some clip ago that if her eyes. those eyes that held the images. and knew the sights-if those eyes of hers were different. that is to state. beautiful. she herself would be different ( P. 46 ) ( novelguide. com ) . † Pecola believed that her life would be different if merely her eyes would turn into bluish. â€Å"She looks up at him and sees the vacuity where wonder ought to lodge and something more. the entire absence of human recognition-the glassy discreteness. † ( p. 48 ) ( novelguide. com ) it is when Pecola went out to purchase confect and the proprietor of the shop did non look to appreciate the beauty she has as a kid. â€Å"The line between colored and nigger was non ever clear ( novelguide. com ) ; elusive and revealing marks threatened to gnaw it. and the ticker had to be changeless. † ( p. 87 ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) This explains how Geraldine tried to conceal the existent visual aspect of junior by taking good attention of him and his true tegument tone. â€Å"She was secure and grateful ; he was sort and lively. † ( p. 116 ) ( novelguide. com ) . The storyteller stated how the twosome. Pauline and Cholly. went good at the beginning of their relationship. â€Å"She was ne'er able. after her instruction in the films. to look at a face and non delegate it some class in the graduated table of absolute beauty. and the graduated table was one she absorbed in full from the Ag screen. † ( p. 122 ) ( novelguide. com ) . Pauline. the female parent of Pecola believed that she could non be compared with other white individual and that she is non beautiful harmonizing to the criterions of white. â€Å"Her simpleness decorated us ; her guilt sanctified us. her hurting made us glow with wellness. † ( p. 205 ) ( novelguide. com ) . The storyteller explains how Pecola’s lower status composite strengthens the feeling of high quality of the people around her. â€Å"Certain seeds it will non foster certain fruit it will non bear and when the land putting to deaths of its ain will. we acquiesce and say the victim had no right to populate. † ( p. 206 ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) . This explains that Pecola’s babe was born dead because the hapless being was hated and that the kid has no right to populate. â€Å"We had defended ourselves since memory against everything and everybody considered all address a codification to be broken by us. and all gestures subject to careful analysis ; we had become froward. oblique. and chesty. Cipher paid us any attending. so we paid really good attending to ourselves. Our restrictions were non known to us—not so. † ( Second-to-last chapter ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) Claudia meant that they ne'er let themselves be oppressed by other people because their parents are at that place to back up them non unlike Pecola who experiences the confrontation of life and decease jobs without anyone to maintain her strong. â€Å"The birdlike gestures are worn off to a mere picking and tweaking her manner between the tyre rims and the helianthuss. between Coke bottles and silkweed. among all the waste and beauty of the world—which is what she herself was. All of our waste which we dumped on her and which she absorbed ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) . And all of our beauty. which was hers foremost and which she gave to us. â€Å" ( Last chapter ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) This explains how Pecola was made into a symbol of how individual acquire along through the agonies with fright and learns to confront it with hope that shows the interior beauty of a individual. â€Å"Cholly loved her. I’m certain he did. He. at any rate. was the 1 who loved her adequate to touch her. enfold her. and give something of him to her. But his touch was fatal. and the something he gave her filled the matrix of her torment with decease ( last chapter ) . ( Tony Morrison ) . Claudia believed that Cholly loved Pecola the manner he loved Pauline because he touched her and made love to her like he did with Pauline but the love he has for Pecola was the ground of her lunacy. â€Å"For some ground Cholly had non hated the white work forces ; he hated. despised. the miss. Even a half-remembrance of this episode. along with myriad other humiliations. lickings. and emasculations. could stir him into flights of corruption that surprised himself–but non merely himself† . ( ShengYing ) â€Å"Here was an ugly small girl inquiring for beauty. A small black miss who wanted to lift up out of the cavity of her inkiness and see the universe with bluish eyes. â€Å" ( Tony Morrison ) this was when Pecola approached Soaphead church and asked him to allow her a wish which is to hold those bluish eyes. Work Cited ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. novelguide. com/TheBluestEye/toptenquotes. hypertext markup language ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. randomhouse. com/highschool/catalog/display. pperl? isbn=9780375411557 & A ; view=excerpt ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //academic. Brooklyn. cuny. edu/english/melani/cs6/eye61. hypertext markup language ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sparknotes. com/lit/bluesteye/quotes. hypertext markup language ( ShengYing ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. tqnyc. org/NYC040522/thebluesteye/finalwork. htm

Victorian Family Analysis - 1058 Words

The Victorian family of the 1800s is discussed in chapter two titled â€Å"The Historical Origins of the American Pattern, 1650-1900† of The Marriage-Go-Round, written by Andrew Cherlin. This chapter analyzes the history of families in the United States, starting with the colonial family from the 1600s to the 1700s, and the Victorian family of the 1800s. The increase of the wage labor economy, new policies of monogamous relationships and birth control, and small ideological change which allowed women rights largely impacted the family structure for Victorian families, enforcing the man as the breadwinner and the woman as the subordinate housewife. As previously mentioned, the Victorian family is formed by a man and woman, the man as the†¦show more content†¦This family dynamic with the husband as the breadwinner would remain this way until the 1960s (Cherlin 62). State policy largely effected the Victorian families in the 1800s, with Congress creating laws on polygamy and birth control. First, Congress wanted to end the practice of polygamy, which was practiced by Mormons in the Utah territory. Congress passed laws in 1862, 1879, and in 1884 attempting to end polygamy amongst the Mormons (Cherlin 52). Each law was becoming stricter, until in 1890 the Mormons suspended the practice of polygamy. â€Å"The lesson for Americans who followed this decades-long dispute was that Christian marriage was a fundamental aspect of American society and that Congress and the courts would act forcefully to defend it when necessary† (Cherlin 52). Second, birth control was a largely debated issue during the Victorian era. Anthony Comstock, a reformer from New York, abhorred birth control and thought that birth control was a way to have sexual intercourse without the intent of having children, which he thought of as a â€Å"depraved act† (Cherlin 53). He lobbied Congress and the Comstock Act of 1873 was formed, which banned the U.S. mail to send out information on birth control and other lewd information. â€Å"These prohibitions reinforced the principles thatShow MoreRelatedWilliam Wilde s The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesBeing Earnest. During the Victorian times, being proper, rich is very important. Having the right manners, reading the right things, marry the right person. Is big during this time period. They only talk about certain things in good company. They live on the right block, having the right clothing is very important. In Wilde Importance of being Earnest in the first scene there was humor in there. Algernon was stuffing his face. Wilde likes to make fun of all Victorians from the upper classes. HeRead MoreThe Victorian And Post World War I1590 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically, social norms have been governed by ideas of the sex dichotomy. The division between the two identities of the man and the woman permeated through the Victorian era and developed a template for prospective gender constructs. The Victorian woman, expected to preserve purity and domesticity, was portrayed with a repressed sexuality. Passive characterization supported the duty of child bearing as the female destiny and molded their identities into subordinate ones. At the turn of the 20thRead MoreThe Victorian Age : An Upper Class Society1049 Words   |  5 PagesMary Dang Professor Suarez English 2323 26 October 2015 The Victorian Age: An Upper Class Society The Victorian Period, the years between 1837 and 1901, was named after the reign of the great Queen Victoria in English civilization. It was during her regime that England gained economic prosperity, experienced the rapid growth of the empire, encountered dramatic changes and religious beliefs. Various social classes represented the population of England, comprising of the upper class, the middle classRead More A Historical View of the Victorian Governess Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesA Historical View of the Victorian Governess    Although the governess serves as the heroine in Jane Eyre, she was not a popular figure in Victorian England. The governess did not have a social position worthy of attention (Peterson 4). Aristocratic and middle-class Victorians were not even sure how to treat the governess. She was from the same class, but her lack of financial stability made them view her as their inferior. Perhaps the clearest definition of the governess was stated by Lady ElizabethRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest, By Oscar Wilde1515 Words   |  7 Pages These type of changes were not the only ones happening during this time, as the Industrial Revolution also sparked many economic, political, and cultural changes. Through the Revolution, the Victorian Era emerged--a time focused on family values, religious beliefs, and gender roles. During the Victorian Era, writers and poets questioned the unrealistic ideology that was set by pretensive human beliefs. The writers were criticizing the far-fetched expec tations that men and women were compelled toRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1009 Words   |  5 Pagesby Robert Louis Stevenson showcase the Victorian era. With memorable characters like Aunt Augusta, accustomed to tea time and addicted to her cucumber sandwiches, and the loveable Dr. Jekyll, driven by his own devilish work, one is almost able to hear the trotting of horses with carriages on cobblestone streets. While the thought of high society and misty mornings is appealing, both works of literature are also used to convey the ludicrousness of Victorian society. Whether it is Algernon or JackRead MorePrimary Source Report : Trial Of Madeleine Smith Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pages[contains a transcript of a selection of Madeleine Smith’s letters] – Extract, pp 305-337 of Correspondence. Public respectability and social status was a key requisite in upper-middle-class Victorian Britain. Another significant cultural characteristic of nineteenth century Britain was the importance of family as a source in identifying a socially and economically fitting marriage partner for middle class women. Gordon and Nair argue that even though individuals had the choice of marriage partnerRead MoreThe Upbringing Of Orphans By Charles Dickens And Jane Eyre1714 Words   |  7 PagesShane Irani ENG 101 04/09/15 The upbringing of Orphans in a time of social injustice. The 19th century Victorian era contrasted of different social classes; the wealthy, the working and the poor classes, which led to the forms of social order in society. It also encompassed some of the most famous literary works that till today impact the lives of many, and leads readers to wonder about the injustices of the conditions of the orphans. The novels Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens 1838 and JaneRead MoreWomen During The Victorian Era Essay1719 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Victorian era, gender roles became very distinctive. There were certain characteristics that the ideal Victorian man or woman were expected to have which emphasized patriarchal superiority. The patriarchal system meant that males had dominance in their homes, specifically over women. The ideal man during this time period would focus on achieving job related success which, in turn, would show that he is an eligible suitor to get married. It was seen as important for the man to have a family toRead MoreLiterar y Criticism of Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour1338 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Criticism and the Story of an Hour Literary criticism gives the reader the tools to see literature in new ways. Each type focuses on different components of the story and asks the reader to examine a given text for ques. When an analysis is performed in a given critical style, a whole new perspective of the text becomes available. Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour is an account of a marriage in the late 19th century. Mrs. Louise Mallard is identified by her marriage and she allows herself